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Top Pyongyang Defector Seeks The Elimination of Kim Jong Il
SEOUL, South Korea -- For decades, Hwang Jang Yop worked in the inner circles of power in North Korea, helping to propagate the totalitarian ideology that underpins the absolute rule of Kim Jong Il. Now, he is trying to turn himself into a spokesman for the people suffering under the dictatorial regime he abetted.
Mr. Hwang, the highest-ranking North Korean ever to defect, arrived in Washington Monday to promote his cause in meetings with Bush administration officials and in a speech to a conservative policy group. Mr. Hwang says he plans to convey a simple message: "The fundamental solution to all the problems caused by North Korea -- the nuclear crisis, the human-rights crisis -- is the elimination of the Kim Jong Il regime."
The 80-year-old Mr. Hwang, who fled to Seoul in 1997, is visiting the U.S. at the invitation of the Defense Forum Foundation. The group and others have fought for years to persuade South Korea -- which fears Mr. Hwang's pointed comments will aggravate its relations with Pyongyang -- to let him travel and speak his mind.
Anti-North Korea activists hope he will galvanize support for a regime change in Pyongyang and push Kim Jong Il's human-rights abuses higher on the U.S. foreign-policy agenda. In South Korea, too, Mr. Hwang is at the center of efforts to organize the small and fractured North Korean emigre community and turn it into a political force for change.
Some activists in the U.S. and South Korea have urged Mr. Hwang to declare a government in exile during his U.S. visit, something he said last week he won't do. Supporters even tout him as a potential leader for a new government in Pyongyang if Kim Jong Il is toppled
"Mr. Hwang is the very person for the transitional period. He knows everybody. He will know who to keep and who to get rid of," says Nam Jae Joong of the U.S.-based Aegis Foundation, which campaigns for North Koreans' human rights.
Mr. Hwang himself says he has no political aspirations. "I'm old. I'm an academic," he says. "But I think I can play a certain role in educating North Korean defectors and future leaders for North Korea. When the time comes and change comes to North Korea, I think I can help out and serve as a guide."
In some ways, Mr. Hwang is an odd favorite for the conservative activists, human-rights campaigners and other critics of North Korea. Mr. Hwang was the chief architect and proponent of the North's Juche ideology of Korean nationalism and self-reliance that has been used to legitimize the absolute rule of Kim Jong Il and before him, his father, Kim Il Sung.
Mr. Hwang, who likes to point out he was chief of "ideological education" for 40 years, bristles when questioned about Juche, which he says was misapplied by both rulers. "A lot of people misunderstand Juche ideology," says Mr. Hwang. "It puts the emphasis on the individual citizen. It's very similar to democracy."
Mr. Hwang's emergence also sheds light on the obstacles facing organizers of the North Korean community in Seoul, which has grown from just a few hundred several years ago to more than 3,000 now. It is split by personal rivalries and class differences. The South Korean government, which is pursuing a policy of reconciliation and cooperation with the North, tries to keep a lid on anti-Pyongyang activities.
Even U.S. officials sympathetic to Mr. Hwang say it isn't clear how much impact his visit to Washington will have on opinion in Congress or the administration. "Many of us think that the way he's been treated by South Korea is a travesty," one U.S. official says. "But he suffers from what I call 'defector-itis.' He could be viewed as too over the top."
Mr. Hwang says he supports President Bush's efforts to resolve the nuclear crisis with Pyongyang, but opposes the president's plan to offer a multilateral security pledge in exchange for disarmament, saying such a deal "ignores the human-rights situation in North Korea." He says: "It's not a very democratic position, but a nationalistic one."
Mr. Hwang also says the North is highly unlikely to use its nuclear weapons or missiles. "Kim Jong Il knows that once he starts a war, that would be the end of his regime. So he will not launch a war," Mr. Hwang says.
Mr. Hwang had an illustrious career in North Korea. He was a tutor to Kim Jong Il, president of Kim Il Sung University and chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly -- the country's rubber-stamp legislature -- before becoming secretary of the Communist Party's international-affairs division. Appalled by the famine that ravaged the country in the mid-1990s and the growing power of the military, Mr. Hwang defected in 1997, bolting for the South Korean Embassy during a trip to Beijing.
One former senior North Korean diplomat, now active in defector circles in Seoul, says "North Korean refugees and defectors can play a very important role in guiding North Korea through a regime change and a transition government" because "they have experienced both dictatorship and democracy." He contends that Mr. Hwang is the perfect leader, because he has many followers and former students among the elite in Pyongyang.









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